September 16
1380:
King Charles V of France died. Charles
ruled during a very difficult time in French history – the 14th
century – that included the One Hundred Years War and the Black Death. For French monarchs, guile and deception were
critical to keep the state afloat. Regardless of his reasons, the Jews of
France fared better under him than they did under many of his predecessors and
successors. When he assumed the throne in 1364, he continued to honor the
promises he had made to the Jews during the Regency. The “Jews of Paris lived
quietly in the district of St. Antoine, near the dwelling of Hugues Aubriot,
the grand provost of Paris, who protected them” reportedly because “he was fond
of the beautiful Jewesses.” He saw to it that Jewish children who had been
baptized were returned to their families and that those who stole from the
Jews, including members of the nobility, were punished. The Jews did have
enemies including those who owed them large sums of money and members of the
nobility. These groups convinced Charles
to issue a decree expelling the Jews; a decree he rescinded before it ever went
into effect. “In 1370, when the king increased the general taxes, he solemnly
confirmed the privileges that he had granted to the Jews, demanding of them
only 1,500 francs. In 1372 he restored to them certain manuscripts which had
been confiscated. But at the same time he did not lose sight of his own
interests, and when he was in need of money, in 1378, he made an agreement with
the Jews in accordance with which, in return for being exempted from all other
imposts, they were to pay him 20,000 francs in gold, in four installments, and
200 francs a week. In 1379 he granted them an important concession in
connection with the fairs of Champagne and Brie. On visiting the fairs the Jews
were accustomed to take mortgages on the property of their creditors. But they
could foreclose these mortgages only when solvent Christians acted as sureties,
and they complained that, since they could not in general find anyone to act as
surety, they always lost their claims. The king therefore decreed that Jews
might in future be accepted as sureties. [Source – Jewish Encyclopedia; for a highly readable account of life in 14th
century France that will help you better understand the plight of the Jews see A
Distant Mirror by Barbara Tuchman.]
1087:
Victor III, sometimes referred to as “the Jewish Pope” passed away today.
http://krissfoundation.org/victor.htm
1498: According to some sources, Tomas de
Torquemada, head of the Spanish Inquisition which destroyed the Sephardic
Community on the Iberian Peninsula, passed away.
1501: A decree was issued by the Portuguese Governor
Nicolas de Oviendo which aimed at keeping Jews from entering the New World.
1619: Today, aDutch rabbi and hakham David ben
Joseph Pardo the Salonica born son of Rabbi Joseph and Rein married Moura, Portugal
native Rachel Sanchez with whom he had two children – Sarah Prado and Josiah
Pardo who “served as a Rabbi in Curaçao and in Port Royal, Jamaica and was one
of the first Rabbis in the New World.”
1638: Birthdate of Louis XIV. Known as the Sun King, Louis reigned from
1643 until 1715.
Louis’ dealings with Jews were of marginal historic interest. During his reign, Jews were variously allowed
to, and banned from, conducting trading activities in French colonies and in
Provence. As Colbert, one of Louis’ ministers pointed, opposition by Christian
merchants to Jewish business ventures was not based on religion. Rather, the merchants were using the smoke
screen of religion to eliminate competition.
Only at the end of his long, debauched life, did Louis show any interest
in the religious dynamics of the issue.
Having grown pious as he faced death, Louis issued a decree banning Jews
from Provence, including the port of Marseilles demanding that they leave and
leave their possession behind.
1658:
With the signing of the Treaty of Hadiach on this date, the Polish Crown
elevated the Cossacks and Ruthenians to a position equal to that of Poles and
Lithuanians in the Polish-Lithuanian Union, and in fact transformed the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into a Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian
Commonwealth. This led to a worsening
situation for the Jews of Poland who had already suffered at the hands of the
Cossacks for the last ten years.
1701:
Sixty-seven-year-old King James II of the United Kingdom who put an end to a
mandatory tax being imposed on Jews for not attending “the established church”
and who said that the Jews should “quietly enjoy the free exercise of their
religion” passed away today. (Editor’s note – The kings’ action was tied to the
conflict between Catholics and Protestants racking the British Isles during
which the treatment of the Jews was a sideline event.)
1747:
Birthdate of German theologian Johann Ludwig Ewald an “advocate for the Jews”
arguing that the “shortcoming” of the Jews “were the result of persecution.”
1747: Pope Benedict XIV prohibited Jewish converts
to Christianity from giving their wives gittin
(religious divorce).
1760:
Wilhelmine Levi and Mayer Kohn gave birth to Bela Kohn, the wife of Josef
Maendle with whom she had thirteen children.
1765(1st
of Tishrei, 5526): Rosh Hashana observed on the same day that “a mob gathered
at the State House in Philadelphia to target people associated with the Stamp
Act and threaten the home of Benjamin Franklin, who was Philadelphia's agent in
London.”
1775(21st
of Elul, 5536): Selichot observed on the same day that the Continental Congress
resumed “a paragraph-by-paragraph consideration from” General George Washington
who was with the Continental Army at Cambridge, MA.
1777:
In Frankfurt am Main, Mayer Amschel Rothschild and Gutle Schnapper gave birther
to their fourth child Nathan Mayer Rothschild, the founder of the English House
of Rothschild.
1779:
Philip Minis volunteered to serve a guide for the French and American forces
who were beginning their siege of Savanah today during the American Revolution.
1784(1st
of Tishrei, 5545): Rosh Hashanah
1786(23rd
of Elul, 5546): Parashat Nitzavim-Vayelich; Leil Selichot observed as “mobs” shut
down courts in Massachusetts which were the early manifestations of Shay’s
Rebellion
1792(29th
of Elul, 5552): Erev Rosh Hashanah observed on the same that an annular solar
eclipse that could be seen in parts of Brazil, most of Africa and southeast
Asia took place.
1793(10th
of Tishrei, 5554): Yom Kippur observed during the French Reign of Terror
1795(3rd
of Tishrei, 5556): Tzom Gedaliah
1795:
For the first time, during the Napoleonic Wars, British Forces occupied Cape
Colony, South Africa, as way of keeping the valuable maritime choke point from
falling in French hands. Although there is evidence that some non-observant
Jews were living in the colony at this time, there was no organized Jewish
community due to the fact that the Dutch East India Company, which controlled
the colony, required all of its employees to be Protestants. The British would leave in 1803 only to
return in 1806 when they would establish a permanent colonial presence. Oddly
enough, when the Dutch regained control they promulgated an ordinance allowing
for the practice of all religions; an ordinance the British repealed in 1806
and did not reactivate again until 1820, at a time when Jews first began to
settle as a community in South Africa.
1797(25th
of Elul, 5557): Parashat Nitzavim-Vayeilech; Leil Selichot observed for the
first time during the Presidency of John Adams.
1801(9th
of Tishrei, 5562): Kol Nidre
1806(29th
of Elul, 5563): Erev Rosh Hashana
1807:
This evening, “Mr. Hyam Abendadone of the Island of St. Thomas” married Miss
Grace Abendanone of Charleston, SC.
1810:
Mexico declares its independence from Spain.
1811:
In Silesia, Poland, Wolf and Estera Landau gave birth to Adolf Abraham Landau,
the husband of Rozalia Landau and the father of Leon, Estera and Jozef Landau.
1812(10th
of Tishrei, 5573) Yom Kippur
1812:
Rothschild observed Yom Kippur for the last time. As an observant Jew, he walked to the
synagogue, spent the day in prayer and returned home in the evening to break
the fast.
1813:
In London, Elizabeth Kahn and Samuel Gershon gave birth to Aaron Gershon.
1815:
Birthdate of Henrietta Bruck Sidenberg the wife of Wilhelm Sidenberg and mother
of “Gustavus Sidenberg, a
Jewish-American manufacturer and financier best known for building New York
City's Hotel Theresa, which has become a New York City landmark on the National
Register of Historic Places.”
1818:
David ben Shumel married Sarah bat Isaac at the Western Synagogue today.
1818:
In Middlesex, Phoebe and Ephraim Benjamin gave birth to Amelia Benjamin.
1820(8th
of Tishrei, 5581): Shabbat Shuvah coincides with Mexican Independence Day. At
the time of the declaration Mexico lacked an identifiable Jewish population
thanks to the anti-Semitic policies of the government of Spain. There were numerous Conversos living in
Mexico. Jewish migration to Mexico began
in earnest in the middle of the 19th century. Today Mexico has
approximately 40,000 to 50,000 Jews living in the country.
1821:
In Lorraine, France, Esther Cahn-Lazard, the French born daughter of Jonas
Alexandre Aron and Sara Zerlé Simon Aron and her husband Eugénie Lazard gave birth to Lazare Lazard.
1822(1st
of Tishrei, 5583): Rosh Hashanah
1823:
In Sulzburg, Germany. Lea and Leopold D. Junger Kahn gave birth to Magdalen
Madel Kahn who became Magdalena Madel Dukas when she married Leopold Dukas after
which she gave birth to Lea Lena Kahn; Isaak David Dukas; Baruch Berthold
Dukas; Sara Kahn; Bezalel Dukas; Naphtali Hermann Dukas; Rosalie Brunschwig;
Julius Juda Dukas; Klara Brunschwig; Rachel Bicert; Hermann Dukas
1824:
Louis XVIII who had been returned to the French throne as part of what is
called “the Restoration” and during whose reign the “enemies of Jews” failed to
undo the improvement of their conditions reached under Napoleon, passed away
today.
1824:
Charles X, the last of France’s absolute monarchs whose abdication helped lead
to full emancipation of French Jews, began his reign today.
1828:
Birthdate of “Dutch Christian Old Testament Scholar” Abraham Kuenen who “was
one of the leaders of the modern school of Old Testament Critics” who spent the
last six years of his life working on a new translation of Hebrew Bible.
1829:
Lewis Davis married Rebekah Ann Jacobs at the Western Synagogue today.
1829:
In violation of Papal Law, “a meeting of inquisitors addresses the case of 3
Jewish families living in Foligno, Italy.
1829:
Isaac Isaacson married Miriam Mosely at the Great Synagogue today.
1831(9th
of Tishrei, 5592): Kol Nidre chanted on the same day that in North Carolina, B.W.
Daniel wrote to General William A. Blount asking that he return the arms that
were issued to him in response to what is known as the Nat Turner Uprising, an
uprising by slaves in neighboring Virigiania
1835:
Birthdate of Posen native Abraham Slimmer who came to the United States at the
age of 15 and became a successful Iowa businessman before passing away in
Dubuque. (Some sources show his birthdate as September 14).
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F0DE0D9113BE733A25750C1A9619C946397D6CF
1835:
Birthdate of Hungarian native Simon Tuska, the rabbi at Temple Israel in
Memphis, TN and husband of Jeanette Nussbaum Tuska.
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/tuska-simon
1836:
In France, Isaac Dreyfus, the Alsace born son of Alexander and Feuillet
Dreyfus, and his wife Adele Dreyfus gave birth to Fanny Gernheim.
1840:
In Charleston, SC, Adeline Moses and Levy I. Moses gave birth to Alfred Huger
Moses, the husband of Kentucky native Jeanette Nathan with whom he had seven
children.
1841(1st
of Tishrei, 5602): Rosh Hashanah
1841:
Lydia Maria Child, a non-Jew from Boston, attended Rosh Hashanah services at
Shearith Isreal Synagogue in York City.
What follows are excerpts from a letter of she wrote after attending the
service,
Shortly
after entering, she and her female companion were "gruffly" moved
from the front seats to the women's section "in the upper part of the
house." Child then recorded her feelings of being in a Jewish house of
worship. "The effect produced on my mind by witnessing the ceremonies of
the Jewish synagogue was strange and bewildering; spectral and flitting; with a
sort of vanishing resemblance to reality; the magic lantern of the past."
As she underwent this religious experience, she was "solemnly impressed
with recollections of those ancient times when the Divine was heard amid the
thunders of Sinai, and the Holy Presence (Shekinah) shook the mercy seat
between the cherubim." Carefully, she looked at the ark containing the
"Sacred Law written on scrolls of vellum and rolled as in the time of
Moses." However, she was dismayed when she realized that instead of a
"brazen laver" for washing there was only "a common bowl and
ewer of English delf." All male members of the congregation, even little
boys, wore "fringed silk mantles bordered with blue stripes." What
she found incongruous were "these mantles worn over modern broadcloth
coats and fashionable pantaloons with straps." Even the dress of the
"priest" as she labeled the chacham, was problematic for her.
"His large white silk shawl, which shaded his forehead and fell over his
shoulders, was drawn over a common black hat!" She did see this official
at times "cover his face completely, as in the time of Moses, stoop and
lay his forehead on the book before him." Apparently, Child had made this
visit thinking the Jews of her day were representatives of biblical times.
Since this was not the case for her, she wrote. "But through the whole,
priest and people kept on their hats. My spirit was vexed with this. I had
turned away from the turmoil of the Present, to gaze quietly for a while on the
grandeur of the Past; and the representatives of the Past walked before me, not
in the graceful oriental turban, but the useful European hat!" She was
also critical of the shofar blowing, even as she compared it to the instrument
that sounded on Sinai. "The trumpet," she wrote, "which was
blown by a Rabbi with a shawl drawn over his hat and face, was of the ancient
shape, somewhat resembling a cow's horn. It did not send forth a
spirit-stirring peal; but the sound groaned and struggled through it." (Editor’s note: I do not have the citation for
this. I hope the author will not think
that I have ‘moved the boundary stones’ on his or her work.
1842:
Birthdate of Italian lawyer and “republican follower of Mazzini and Garabaldi”
Alessandro Fortis, “the 18th Prime Minister of Italy.”
1843(21st
of Elul, 5603): Ezekiel Hart passed away. Born in 1767, he was a Jewish
Canadian entrepreneur and politician, and the first Jew to be elected to public
office in the British Empire. “He was elected three times by the voters of
Trois-Rivières to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. Some members
consistently prevented him from taking his seat by observing that as a Jew, he
could not take the oath of office, which included the phrase ‘on the true faith
of a Christian’.”
1844:
In New South Wales, Australia, Rachel Nathan and Samuel Cohen gave birth to
Charlotte Cohen the wife of Alfred Samuel Moses who she married in Sydney in
1865.
1847(6th
of Tishrei, 5608): The poet Grace Aguilar died at Frankfort-on-the Main, at age
31. She was the oldest child of parents descended from Portuguese Marranos who
sought asylum in England in the eighteenth century. A prominent poet and
writer, her words graced Jewish journals around the world. She was a staunch
defender of Judaism, and a Torah loving woman. "Her last words, spelled on
her fingers, were, 'Though he slay me, yet will I trust in Him,'"
1848(18th
of Elul, 5608): Parashat Ki Tavo
1848(18th
of Elul, 5608): Seventy-three-year-old Samuel Abrahams, the New York born son
of Abraham Isaac Abrahams passed away today.
1849(29th
of Elul, 5609): Erev Rosh Hashanah observed for the first time during the
Presidency of Zachary Taylor.
1849(29th
of Elul, 5609): Fifty-three-year-old Moses Lopez, the Charleston born son of
David Lopez passed away today.
1850(10th
of Tishrei, 5611): Yom Kippur observed for the first time during the Presidency
of Millard Fillmore
1854(23rd
of Elul, 5614): Leil Selichot
1854:
In London, Julia Joseph and Louis Kyezor gave birth to Joseph Louis Kyezor.
1854(23rd
of Elul, 5614): Miriam Aaron, the wife of Lewis Aaron passed away today,
following which she would be buried in the Canterbury Jewish Cemetery.
1855(4th
of Tishrei, 5616): Tzom Gedaliah observed.
1855(4th
of Tishrei, 5616): Fifty-eight-year-old Naphtali Judah, the son of Samuel Judah
and husband of Esther Henricks who was “a merchant, printer, publisher and
member of the Tammany Society who “also served as president of Congregation
Shearith Israel” passed away today in New York.
1856:
Birthdate of Moses Gaster, the native or Romania who become Chacham of the
Spanish and Portugese Congregation in London as well as leading scholar at
Oxford.
1857:
Birthdate of Philadelphia native and librarian Bunford Samuel whose works
included Secession and Constitutional Liberty.
https://www.amazon.com/Secession-Constitutional-Liberty-Bunford-Samuel/dp/0559961561
1858:
Today’s Personal column reported that “a curious Hebrew publication has just
issued from the Berlin press-a biography of Alexander Von Humboldt, written in
the ancient tongue, and destined to extend the knowledge of the life and
scientific labors of this celebrated man in the wide circle of the Russo-Polish
and Asiatic Jews. The full title is, Alexander Von Humboldt: A Biographical
Sketch, Dedicated to the Nestor of Wisdom on his 88th Birthday by S.
Slominski.” Alexander Von Humboldt was a
Prussian born naturalist and explorer who was born in 1769 and died in 1859 at
the age of 89. He was not Jewish.
1859:
A convention designed to "overcome evil with good" is scheduled to be
held in Buffalo, NY. The Jews were among
those whom the public invitation should "consider themselves cordially invited."
1860(29th
of Elul, 5620): Erev Rosh Hashanah
1860:
Birthdate of Solomon Joseph Solomon, the British painter who was the brother of
another painter, Lily Delissa Joseph.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solomon_Ajax_and_Cassandra.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solomon_Samson_and_Delilah.jpg
https://www.jewsfww.uk/strategic-camouflage-2210.php
1861:
Judah P. Benjamin began serving as Secretary of War for the CSA.
1861:
Corporal Samuel A. Apple began serving a four-year hitch with Company B of the
51st Regiment.
1861:
Private Moses Jacoby began serving a four-year hitch with Company E of the 47th
Regiment.
1863(3rd
of Tishrei, 5624): Tzom Gedaliah
1867(16th
of Elul, 5627): Samuel Bettelheim, the son of Eva and Dr. Leopold Bettelheim
and the husband of Chava Eva Bettelheim passed away today in Slovakia.
1868(29th
of Elul, 5628) Erev Rosh Hashanah observed for the last time during the
Presidency of Andrew Johnson.
1868:
Birthdate of Konigsberg native Mathilde Slomka, the wife of Adolf Slomka and
resident of Brooklyn who was an officer of the Ladies Auxiliary Zion Hospital.
1871(1st
of Tishrei, 5632): Rosh Hashanah
1871:
“Commencement of the Jewish New Year” published today reported that “at sundown last
evening the new Jewish Year, 5632 commenced.
The Jews do not inaugurate their ecclesiastical year with festivities;
on the contrary, the Jewish year is commenced with ten days of atonement.” According to the article the Jews keep the
first part of year holy because they are remembering the receiving of the word
from Mount Sinai. [Editor’s note – At least they got part of it right]
1872:
Birthdate of Lithuanian native Solomon Blumgarten, known by his pen name
Yehoash, the author, lexicographer and poet referred to as the “Yiddish Milton”
who had visited Palestine in 1913 with his wife Flora and his daughter Evelyn
passed away today while working as “an editor for The Day.”
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/12/21/100292728.pdf
1873:
In Albany, NY, famed reform Rabbi Isaac Meyer Wise officiated at the wedding of
Wilhelmin Lewi, the daughter of Dr. Joseph Lewi and Dr. Herman Bendell, the son
of Hannah Stern and Elisas Bendell who was a veteran of the Civil are the
Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Arizona Territory.
1876:
B.F. Peixotto, the United States Consul at Bucharest, Romania, is scheduled to
address the Young Men’s Hebrew Association at their meeting hall on the corner
of 42nd Street and 6th Avenue in New York City.
1876:
In Albany, NY, Rosa Mann and Lewis Stern gave birth to Albany Law School
trained attorney Charles Mann Stern, the husband of Esther H. Barnet and vice
president of William Barnet and Sons who was a trust of Temple Beth Emeth and a
national director of H.I.A.S.
1877(9th
of Tishrei, 5638): Erev Yom Kippur
1877:
The following anti-Semitic canard was published today during the Russo-Turkish
War “The Jews are indeed ubiquitous.
They are everywhere. Their
jeweled fingers are in everything. The
Russians cannot feed their troops without them.
The Turks borrow of them to clothe their armies. No great event of any kind occurs unless they
assist in it, both as principles accessories.
1877:
It was reported today that Jews in the following cities have built synagogues
in the past year: London & Bath (UK), Waadt (Switzerland), Rio de Jeneiro
(Brazil), Linz (Austria), Bremen & Heilbrun (Germany), Ancona and Bologne
(Italy), New York, Springfield & Petersburg (United States)
1877:
It was reported today there are 373 houses of worship in Rome, four of which
are synagogues.
1877:
Rabbi Gustav Gottheil will preach the sermon at Kol Nidre services this evening
at Temple Emanuel in New York City
1877:
Rabbi Adolph Huebsch will preach the sermon tonight at the temple on the corner
of 55th Street and Lexington Avenue.
1877:
Ten fires broke out tonight between 6 and 8 o’clock in places occupied by
persons who are thought to be Jews.
Thanks to the swift response of the fire department none of the fires
caused much damage. The damage caused by
all the fires was valued at approximately 500 dollars with individual losses
ranging from “slight” to $300.
1878(4th
of Tishrei, 5548): Tzom Gedaliah observed because the 3rd was
Shabbat
1878:
In Russia, Tillie and Louis Idelman gave birth to Max “Maxie” Idelman who was
buried in the Jewish cemetery in Ladue, MO just outside of St. Louis after have
passed away in Muskogee, OK.
1879:
It was reported today that among those in Memphis who have recently contracted
Yellow Fever are the Jewish brothers, James and Israel Peres, the sons of Jacob
J. Peres who owns the brokerage firm of J.J. Peres & Company.
1879:
Birthdate of Georg Lewin, the Berlin native who gained fame as Herwath Walden
whose eclectic interests led him to careers as “a musician, composer, writer,
critic, and gallery owner.”
1880:
“City and Suburban News” published today described the observance of “Yom
Kippur…the most solemn fast in the Jewish calendar” which ended yesterday at
sundown during which “no orthodox Jew allowed morsel of food or drop of water
to pass lips during the 24 hours.”
1880:
In Mattoon, Illinois, “Felix and Carrie (Kaufman) Kahn gave birth to Ella Kahn,
the University of Chicago trained social worker who married Judge Samuel
Alschuler and became Ella Kahn Alschuler, the President of the Chicago Section
of the National Council of Jewish Women
1881:
Birthdate of Pensacola, FL native and broker Joseph Michael Levy.
1881:
It was reported today that “a disastrous fire” that has destroyed an “enormous”
amount of fire has swept through Vitebsk, a major Jewish population center in
the Pale of Settlement. For more about
Vitebsk see:
http://www.physics.brocku.ca/~edik/Vitebsk/
1882(3rd
of Tishrei, 5643): Shabbat Shuva – no Fast of Gedaliah because of Shabbat
1883(14th
of Elul, 5643): Tina Abrams passed away today after which she was buried in the
Tree of Life Cemetery in Sharpsburg, PA.
1884:
Birthdate of Cincinnati, OH native Mary Klein the wife of English born composer
Manuel Klein and the mother of Marjorie and Gerald Klein.
1886:
Sixty-seven-year-old Louis, duc Decazes who while serving as Foreign Minister
in 1875 “informed Henri Blowitz, the Bohemian Jew who was the Paris
correspondent of The Times of a
confidential dispatch from the French ambassador to Berlin, discussing German
plans to attack France” which he asked Blowitz to publish as part of an
effective plan to prevent the Germans from carrying out their plans passed away
today.
1887:
Birthdate of Russian native Michael S. Aaronson, the Bellevue Medical College
trained physician.
1888:
It was reported today that “a peculiar and unprecedented schism has arisen
among the Jews” of London. “The
Socialist Jews” have protested against the Day of Atonement by holding a
banquet at the International Workingmen’s Club in Whitechapel.
1888(11th
of Tishrei, 5649): Seventy-five-year-old Lazare Isidor, who had been appointed
Chief Rabbi of Paris in 1847 before being named Chief Rabb of France in 1867
passed away today.
1888:
Birthdate of New York City native and University of Chicago graduate Dr. Harry
Gauss, the Rush Medical College trained gastroenterologist who served in WW I
and practiced in Denver, CO.
1889:
In Russia, Sarah Goldstein Specter and Abraham Joseph Specter gave birth to future
St. Louis resident Edna Specter Garland, the wife of David Garland and the
mother of Otis and Abe Garland.
1889:
In Vienna, Rachel Goggmann Cenrobert and Austrian automobile entrepreneur Emil
Jellinek gave birth to Mercédès Adrienne Manuela Ramona Jellinek. She is the Mercédès in Merceds-Benz. Yes, this quintessential German product was
named for the granddaughter of the Chief Rabbi of Vienna.
1890(2nd
of Tishrei, 5651): Second day of Rosh Hashanah
1890:
“Prague-based German merchant Ludwig Kraus and his wife, Louise” gave birth to
Ernst Deutsch “the protagonist in the world première of Walter Hasenclever's
Expressionist play The Son.”
1890:
In Syracuse, NY, Rosa Goldberg and Joseph Weiss gave birth to University of
Cincinnati trained medical doctor Hiram B. Weiss, the husband of Gertrude Marks
with whom he had two children – Joseph and Regina – and attending physician at
the Medical Department of the Jewish Hospital who rose to the rank of Major
while with the U.S. Army Medical Corps and an instructor at the University of
Cincinnati Medical Department
1890:
Harris Adolphus and Max Rodden, the former Rabbi of the “Polish Hebrew
synagogue” in Trenton, NJ, sought warrants for the arrest of Moses
Skomwitschiki, the congregation’s new rabbi and several of the congregation’s
officers.
1890:
In Huntington, PA, Rabbi T.A. Moses of New York was stricken with apoplexy
tonight after having dismissed the congregation for whom he had been leading
services for the past week.
1891:
In Providence, RI, Morris Reiger and Michael Bernstein, the mangers of the
London Opera Company which they had organized among a group of Polish Jews,
escaped from the police after having apparently absconded with ticket money
collected for performances of “The Greenhorn.”
1891:
“Troubles In the Dispensary of the Beth Israel Hospital” published today
described the conflict between the Beth Hospital Association which started its
hospital four months ago and the dispensary which had been open for a year
before the two were combined.
1891:
Charles Eisenman, the New York City born son of Isadore and Caroline
(Rosenblatt) Eisenman, the cofounder in Cleveland of K and E Company, a
manufacturer of shirts and blouses and president of the Federation of Jewish
Charities married Bertha Hays today.
https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/eisenman-charles
1891:
“Cholera In Asiatic Turkey” published today described the discriminatory
measures being taken in the villages around Aleppo to deal with the epidemic
where the Turkish officials allowed the Moslems and Christians “to leave the
villages but not the Jews. They are
compelled to stay.”
1891:
It was reported today that Major William Bullard, Chief Sanitary Inspector has
said that the United Hebrew Charities could assist in the work of the sanitary
police “by appointing private inspectors who spoke the “jargon” of the poorer
classes of Jews.
1892(24th
of Elul, 5652): Sixty-one-year-old Judah Leib Gordon, one of the leading
“Hebrew poets of the Jewish Enlightenment” passed away.
http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Voskhod
1893:
Soloman Grocery Company was incorporated today in Alabama.
1893:
In Hungary, Henrik Kellner and Ernesztina Weisz gave birth to Sándor László Kellner who gained fame as
British movie mogul Sir Alexander Korda, the pater familias of the movie and
literary family that included Zoltan, Vincent and Michael Korda.
https://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/alexander-korda_biography.htm
1894:
It was reported today that in the one New York district inhabited by Russian
and Polish Jews “there an average of fifty-seven families to a house” while the
general average in other tenement districts “is 34 persons to a house.”
1895:
Birthdate of Cleveland, OH native and Harvard trained attorney Leonard Solon
Levy, the city treasurer and Republican party activist.
1895:
Reverend G.R. Cutting, pastor of the Yonkers Presbyterian Church presented a
paper entitled “The Conversion of the Jews” today in which “he took the view
that the Jews will be restored to the land of Palestine. Some of his fellow
ministers who heard the paper said that the “Jews might become Christians
before the end of the world, but that they would not return to Palestine” as
would be proven if a vote were taken among the Jews; the majority of whom vote
to remain in America “in preference to going to Palestine.”
1896(9th
of Tishrei 5657): Erev Yom Kippur – Kol Nidre
1896:
At a hearing in Jefferson Market Court John Dangels told the Judge that he lost
his temper yesterday when David Meyer had refused to leave his butcher
shop. He did not contest Meyer’s
statement that the reason he had beaten him was because he was, to use Dangels’
word “a sheeny.
1896:
A group of Anarchist, most of whom were Jews held a meeting at Clarendon Hall
with the announced intention of “ridiculing and burlesquing the Yom Kippur
observances and the Jewish religion.”
1896:
Twenty-three-year-old Nathan Fischer attacked Abraham Fisher, an usher at Mount
Sinai Temple in a dispute over Fischer’s admission ticket. The police were
called, and Fisher was arrested.
1897:
In Michigan, Lena B. Bultotz and her husband Rudolf Kauffman gave birth to John
R. Kauffman.
1897:
“President McKinley and the members of his cabinet attended the cornerstone
laying of the new Synagogue” being “erected by the Washington Hebrew
Congregation on 8th Street, near H.
1898(29th
of Elul, 5658): Erev Rosh Hashanah
1898:
Temple Beth-El, Temple Emanu-El and the West End Synagogue “have an extended an
invitation to all solders who wish to attend services” at their respective
congregations.
1898:
Any Jewish families who wish to open their homes to soldiers on Rosh Hashanah
should contact William Mitchell, Superintendent of the Young Men’s Hebrew
Association or The American Hebrew.
1898:
About 40 members of the 47th Regiment stationed at Fort Adams
marched out of their barracks at Newport after having received a ten-day
furlough from Adjutant General Corbin so they could observe the Jewish
holidays.
1898:
Dr. M.H. Harris delivered a sermon tonight at Temple Israel of Harlem entitled
“The Influence of Good Wishes” as Jew “ushered in the 5659.”
1898: Herzl is received by Graf Philip Eulenburg, the German
ambassador in Vienna.
1898: Birthdate of prize-winning Israeli novelist Chaim Hazaz
http://courses.umass.edu/juda373/paper%20and%20exams/exams/Hazaz,%20%22The%20Sermon%22.html
http://www.momentmag.com/redeeming-haim-hazaz/
1898: Birthdate of Hans Augusto Reyersbach, the native of Hamburg,
Germany who gained fame as Hans Augusto "H.A." Rey is best known for
his creation of the Curious George series.
1899: A mass meeting protesting the Dreyfus Conviction is
scheduled to be held this evening at Cooper Union.
1898: Birthdate of CCNY basketball star Hyman “Hy” Fliegel
1898: Birthdate of Baruch Lumet, the Warsaw native who was an
actor in the Yiddish theatre in the United States as well as the husband of
Eugenia Gitl Lumet (née Wermus) and the father of director Sidney Lumet.
1899: Birthdate of Samuel Spewack, who with his wife Bella wrote
several screenplays including “My Favorite Wife:” which earned them an Oscar
nomination for Best Original Story.
1899: A mass meeting protesting the Dreyfus Conviction organized
by Jews living on the Lower East Side is scheduled to take place tonight at
Mandelbaum’s Hall.
1899: In a “Blood Libel Case’ a Hungarian jury convicted Leopold
Hilsner of murder, and the judge sentenced him to hang. Following a public outcry and campaign,
Hilsner would be retried, found guilty of acting as an accomplice to murder and
sentenced to life imprisonment.
1899: “A Drama of Jewish Life Opens the Broadway Theatre”
published today provides a review of “The Ghetto” which “was very well
received” even though it was “rather slow and monotonous.” The play which was translated from Dutch into
English by C.B. Fernald “personifies and embodies the spirit of revolt in the
Jewish nature against the meanness and sordidness with which the race has been afflicted.”
1900: Herzl meets Arminius
Vámbéry in Budapest. ("He gave me his word of
honor that the Sultan would receive me by May.")
1900: Joseph Leblang, the Budapest born son of Herman and Theresa
Leblang “the sole owner of the George M. Cohan Theatre” married Tillie Richter
today.
https://www.nytix.com/articles/joe-leblang-the-original-discount-broadway-ticket-service
1901(3rd of Tishrei, 5662):Tzom Gedaliah
1901: Birthdate of Chicago native and University of Chicago
graduate Alex L. Hillmen “publisher, investment executive, art collector” and
husband the former Rita Kanarek and father of Kent Hillman who “in 1953
established a fund at the Museum of Modern Art that enabled the museum to
purchase a cubist Picasso, four works by Franz Kupka, large canvas by Francis
Picabia and a painting by the Italian futurist Balla”
1901: “The Messenger Boy” a musical featuring songs by Paul Rubens
opened on Broadway today.
1902: Birthdate of Milwaukee, WI native Mildred Fish-Harnack, the
daughter of merchant William Cooke Fish
and the wife of Arvid Harnack with whom she lived in Germany where they
became members of the “Red Orchestra” and were eventually murdered by the Nazis
for anti-regime activities.
1903: Joseph Chamberlain, the British official who offered to
settle Jews in Uganda under the so-called “Uganda Scheme” completed his eight
and half years of service as “Secretary of State for the Colonies.”
1903: At its meeting today The Executive Committee of the Board of
Education recommended to the Board of Education that it confirm the appointment
of Miss Julie Richman as District Superintendent to fill the vacancy caused by
the death of Charles Haskell.
1904: Birthdate of NYC native and Harvard educated journalist and
author Louis Harap the husband of Evelyn Mann.
http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/ms/ms0683/ms0683.html
1905(16th of Elul, 5665): Parashat Ki Tavo (As the
winds of change and reaction blew through Russia, the Jews of the Shtetl
followed their age old calendar.
1905: Birthdate of Louisville, KY
Katherine Etonne Heine the wife Lawrence Samuel Grauman who “is perhaps
best known for the special hearing he conducted with Muhammad Ali in 1966 at
the request of the Department of Justice, where he recommended that Ali’s claim
as a conscientious objector be upheld”
1906: Friends and family of Mr. and Mrs. Louis Fauerbach
celebrated the couple’s 50th wedding anniversary this evening. For seventeen years, they received,
respectively as the Superintendent and Matron of the Hebrew Sheltering Guardian
Orphan Asylum.
1907: This morning the family of Chaim Shlome Kleinman, the 12-year-old
who arrived from Russia as a stowaway aboard, the Barbarossa, including his
mother and his uncles Morris Jacobson and Max Weiss and their wives, rushed
down to Ellis Island to claim the youngster whom they had not known was coming
to the United States and take him home with them.
1908: “Propose Russian Laws Favorable to Jews” published today
reported that “The
Ministry of the Interior is preparing the draft of a new law on the matter of
Jewish restrictions” which “enlarges the One of Jewish settlement and removes
the restrictions against Jews holding land” while “the Ministry of Commerce is
engaged in a second project” that will allow “Jewish commercial travelers to
move freely throughout the” Russian Empire.
1908:
Birthdate of Vienna native of Friedrich Kantor who used the pen-name Friedrich
Torberg and “whose Jewish heritage compelled him emigrated to France” and who
returned to his native Vienna in 1951 after having spent the war years working
as a scriptwriter in Hollywood.
1908:
“One of the first things that Police Commissioner Bingham did on returning from
his vacation today was to admit that the statement in his recent article in The North American Review that about
half the crime of New York City was committed by Jews was based upon incorrect
figures, which he had not himself gathered.”
1909(1st of Tishrei, 5670): Jews observe Rosh Hashanah
for the first time during the Presidency of William Taft.
1910:
Jews of Salonica compel editors of Turkish paper that published anti-Semitic
remarks to send a public retraction to every Turkish journal.
1911(23rd
of Elul, 5671): Leil Selichot
1911(23rd
of Elul, 5671): Forty-one-year-old New Yorker Alfred L. Peck, a native of
Munich and President of the Hardman, Peck & Co. piano manufacturers who had
married Lucy Strauss of Frankfort last October passed away today.
1911:
Birthdate of Jerome “Jerry” Irving Wald, the Brooklyn native who gained fame as
a screenwriter and producer.
1912:
“To Talk on Judaism” published today described the upcoming visit to the United
States of Rabbi Israel Abrahams, the noted English scholar and author. After delivering a series of lectures at
Harvard on “Some Aspects of the Life and Faith of Israel from the Liberal Point
of View, he will speak at various venues including Stanford, Yale and Columbia
where he will speak on the theme of “A Justification of Liberal Judaism.” (Liberal Judaism is another term for the
Reform Movement)
1913:
According to a letter writer who signed himself “Russian American” Michael de
Bernoff who is in this country as journalist for the Kievlianine of Kiev, is
working for a newspaper that is the organ of the group known as the Black
Hundreds” and its late editor was “a notorious anti-Semite” whose newspaper was
the first to publish “the infamous blood accusation inciting the Kiev mob
against the Jews.”
1914: Birthdate of Allen Funt, creator of the
television hit “Candid Camera.”
1914(25th
of Elul, 5674): Abram Glaser passed away.
1914(25th
of Elul, 5674): Aron Gottschalk passed away.
1915:
Albert Einstein visits Switzerland where he tells the French pacifist Roman
Rolland that he was no longer hopeful about an early end to the war. According to Rolland’s diary, Einstein
described the German people as having an admiration of and belief in force and
a firm determination to conquer and annex territories.
1915:
Guy Zinn, an outfielder with the Baltimore Terrapins of the Federal League,
played his last game as a major leaguer.
1915:
In New York, “a report by Chief Kenlon that twenty-four accidental fires were
started by candles last” list last week during Rosh Hashanah “cause Fire
Commissioner Adamson to urge that Jews exercise care in burning candles in
connection with the” upcoming “celebration of Yom Kippur.”
1916(18th
of Elul, 5677): Parashat Ki Tavo
1916(18th
of Elul, 5677): Twenty-one-year-old Private Abraham Woolman, the son of Fanny and
Marks Woolman and a student at the Talmud Torah School in Sheffield as well as
a member of the Jewish Lads’ Brigade was killed in combat while serving with
the 15th Battalion of the Durham Light Infantry in Flanders after which
he was buried in the cemetery in Thiepval Memorial, France’
1916:
Scenic designer Lee Simonson, the New York born son of “Sali and Augusta
Simonson” and Phi Beta Kappa Harvard graduate married Helen Strauss of Salem,
Massachusetts.
1916:
The German Jewish industrialist Walter Rathenau, who had been urging European
reconciliation and the mitigation of hatred, wrote a public letter to Field
Marshall Ludendorff supporting the forcible deportation of 700,000 Belgian
workers to Germany as part of the Hindenburg Industrial Program.
1916:
Jewish baseball player Guy Zinn plays in his last major league game.
1916:
A list of the officers of the Federation for the Support of Jewish
Philanthropic Societies published today included Felix M. Warburg, Chairman;
Leo Arnstein, Vice Chairman; Harry Sachs, Treasurer; William Goldman, Secretary
and Miss Harriet B Lowenstein, Controller and Auditor.
1916:
“Hope that Jews in the United States might agree on an American Jewish congress
to take up problems of Jews in other countries dwindled” today “when it became
know that a plan that had been signed by representatives of the competing
factions, after a long controversy has been defeated by a referendum vote of
the delegates who drafter the first outline of the congress at a conference
held at Philadelphia last March.”
1916:
“Figures covering the last four months made public” today “by the Department of
the Immigrant Aid of the Council of Jewish Women show that the war condition
are driving” many Greek and Turkish Jewish woman most of whom are under the age
of 30, the bulk of them being “girls in their teen” to come the United States
which “represent a class of aliens almost unheard of” in the history of the
United States.
1916:
Henrietta Szold wrote to Hyam Peretz explaining why she would be saying Kaddish
for her mother.
http://www.on1foot.org/print/501
1917:
(29th of Elul, 5677): Erev Rosh Hashanah
1917
“New Year of the Jews Begins at Sunset: Hashanah Will Be Celebrated This
Evening All Over the World; Two Days of Festival Orthodox Jewish Community
Devotes First and Second of Month of Tishri to Observance” published today
reported that “The celebration of Rosh Hashanah, the festival of the New Year,
by the Jewish people throughout the world will begin at sunset this evening. The new year is 5678 in the Hebraic calendar
and begins on the first day of the seventh month, Tishri, the month that is
held to be of great importance as the festival of the New year, the fast of Yom
Kippur or the Day of Atonement and the festival of Succoth, or Tabernacles, the
harvest fest all occur during that month.
1917:
New Year’s Eve services were held in the auditoriums of the Young Men’s and
Young Women’s Hebrew Association in New York as well as “in all of the army
camps and naval stations in the” New York area.
1917:
Dr. Samuel Schulman officiated at services at Temple Beth-El.
1917: Dr. Joseph Silverman officiated at services
at Temple Emanu-El
1917:
At Carnegie Hall, Dr. Stephen Wise of the Free Synagogue delivered a sermon on
“Making a Fresh Start.”
1917:
During World War I, U.S. soldiers and sailors began their furloughs today so
that they could participate in the observance of Rosh Hashanah. The War and Navy departments had agreed to a
request for the holiday furloughs that had been made by Jewish Board for
Welfare Work.
1917:
“Polly of the Circus an American silent drama film notable as the first film
produced by Samuel Goldwyn after founding his studio Goldwyn Pictures” was released
today in the United States.
1917:
It was reported today that “The American Jewish Relief Committee of which Louis
Marshall is the Chairman and Arthur Lehman is the Treasurer” “acknowledged last
week receiving new gifts amounting to more than $132,000.”
1917:
It was reported today that among the contributions received by The Central
Committee for the Relief of Jews Suffering Through the War were $150 from Cedar
Rapids, Iowa and $977 from the Jewish Daily News.
1918(10th
of Tishrei, 5679): Yom Kippur
1918:
Sir John Monash, the highest-ranking Jewish officer in the Australian Army
planned the allied attack on the German defenses known as the Battle of the
Hindenburg Line, which began today.
1918:
Second Lieutenant Louis C. Simon, Jr. of Columbus, Ohio, displayed
“extraordinary heroism in action in the region of Hadonsville Les Lochausse”
while serving with the 147th Aero Squadron
1918:
Birthdate of Benjamin Forester “Ben” Sohn the native of San Diego and an
all-star guard with USC who played on a Rose Bowl winning team before going on
to a successful career with the New York Giants.
1919:
“Di Arche” (The Ark) a science fiction film directed by Richard Oswald and
written by Robert Liebmann and Richard Oswald was released in Germany today.
1919:
In a lengthy written memorandum, Adolph Hitler first expresses his hatred of
the Jews describing them as a people that infect host nations with a kind of
racial tuberculosis. He called for
measures that would eliminate them from all levels of the nation’s cultural and
economic life.
1920:
Furloughs that were granted to soldiers so they could observe the Jewish New
Year came to an end today at noon.
1920:
F.K. Hirsch of Sumter, South Carolina, wrote today that “a reading of “ The American Hebrew “would prove of
great benefit to Jews and non-Jews alike, and is by far the best answer to the Dearborn Independent that has yet
appeared.” (Editor’s note: The Dearborn
Independent was the anti-Semitic paper published by Henry Ford.)
1920:
The funeral for Colonel Harry Cutler, the chairman of the Jewish Welfare Board
who passed away in London in August, is scheduled to take place this afternoon
at Temple Bethel on Broad Street in Providence, Rhode Island.
1920:
The first round of the Fall Entrance Examinations for admission into the Jewish
Theological Seminary are scheduled to take place” today “in the Seminary
Building.”
1922(23rd
of Elul, 5682): Parashat Nitzavim-Vayeilech; Leil Selichot
1922:
The League Nations recognized the Jewish Agency as the organization authorized
to act in concert with the British Mandate authorities with a view to
“facilitating the Jewish immigration and fostering intensive settlement of
Israelites on the soil of the country.”
1923:
Birthdate of Judith Deena Hochberg, the Brooklyn born daughter of immigrants
from Eastern Europe who gained fame as architect Judith Edelman.
1923(6th
of Tishrei, 5684): Theodore J. Hahn, a member of the Sons of the Revolution
passed away today in Philadlelphai.
1924:
In the Bronx, Natalie (née Weinstein-Bacal), a secretary who later legally
changed her surname to Bacall, and William Perske,” gave birth to Betty Joan
Perske, who gained fame as actress Lauren Bacall a relative of Shimon Peres who was married to
Humphrey Bogart in 1945; a marriage that lasted until his death in 1957. They co-starred in three film-noires of the
1940's - The Big Sleep, Dark Passage and Key Largo.
1924: Birthdate of Bess Myerson who was crowned Miss
American in 1945 and who was the first (and only Jew) to win the honor. It is strange that the first Jew to be named
America’s national beauty queen came as Americans were basking in the victory
over Nazi Germany and were learning of the horrors of the death camps. For many American
Jews, her victory was a sign of the acceptance of Jews by the general
population.
1925:
Birthdate of Samuel Menashe Weisberg, who as Samuel Menashe, became “a
Greenwich Village poet whose jewel-like, gnomic short verse won him an ardent
following in Britain and belated recognition in the United States when the
Poetry Foundation gave him its first Neglected Masters Award in 2004.”
1925(27th of Elul, 5685): Fifty-two-year-old
Austrian composer Leo Fall who had followed in the musical footsteps of his
father, composer Moritz Fall passed away today.
1925(27th of Elul, 5685): Alexander
Alexandrovich Friedman, Russian physicist who discovered the expanding-universe
solution to the general relativity field equations in 1922, passed away.
1926:In Brooklyn, Regina Silver, the Moisés Ville, Argentina
born “daughter of Gedaliah Bublick and Elka Bublick and her husband Edward
Sholom Moses Silver gave birth to David Bublick Silver, the husband of Anne
Silver.
1926: Dr. Isaac Landman, editor of The Ameircan Hebrew, presided over a
memorial program dedicated to the late Israel Zangwill which was broadcast in New York and New England through
the efforts of Stations WRNY, New York, and WMAF, South Dartmouth, Mass.
1927:
Joseph Shilkret’s “The Lonesome Road” was recorded today for the first time
with “Shilkret directing the Victor Orchestra.”
1927:
Birthdate Peter Falk, “who marshaled tics, prop room appurtenances and his own
physical idiosyncrasies to personify Columbo, one of the most famous and
beloved fictional detectives in television history.” Falk’s paternal ancestry
was Jewish. He passed away in June of 2011.
1928(2nd
of Tishrei, 5689): Second day of Rosh Hashanah
1928:
“The Docks of New York” directed by Josef von Sternberg was released today In
the United States by Paramount Pictures.
1929:
In Manhattan, Louis and Sarah Goldman gave birth to Miriam Goldman the graduate
of Barnard and Columbia Law School who gained fame as Judge Miriam Cedarbaum.
(As reported by Joseph P. Fried)
1930:
In Paris, marriage of Robert Calmann-Levy and Jacqueline Piatigorsky
1930:
“Bernice and Phyllis Zitenfeld, twins, said they were “through with the English
Channel” today. They expect to return to their homes in the United States soon.
Extremely rough water and I rough seas forced the girls to I abandon their
attempt to swim from England to France when they were four and a half miles
from their goal.
1931:
Manhattan and
Queens Borough authorities were quick to voice their approval today of the
proposal made to the Board of Estimate Tuesday by Robert Moses, the son of
German Jewish parents Bella Silverman and Emanuel Moses and president of the Long Island State Park
commission that the city cooperate with the state of New York in constructing
an extension of Grand Central Parkway from its terminus at Union Turnpike to
the Triborough Bridge and an extension of Southern State Parkway into Brooklyn”1932:
“The Western Code” co-starring Mischa Auer was released in the United States
today.
1932:
“Thirteen Women,” “a psychological thriller produced by David O. Selznick with
music by Max Steiner and screenplay by Samuel Ornitz premiered today at the
Roxy Theatre in New York.
1933(25th
of Elul, 5693): Parashat Nitzavim-Vayeilech; Sleichot
1933:
Eighty-four-year-old Gabriel Gustav Hirsch, the Wankheim Germany born “son of
Leopold Hirsch and Therese Tölzele Hirsch (Wormser), the husband of Emma Hirsch
and father of Leopold Hirsch; Ella Gudele Bauer; Siegmund Hirsch; Martha
Hirsch; Arthur Hirsch; and Paula Hirsch passed away today.
1933:
Birthdate of Vera Buchtal, the native of Dortmund, Germany who gained fame as
British technology pioneer Dame Stephanie “Steve” Shirley.
http://us5.campaign-archive2.com/?u=ba13d322ff1efbe114aeb6779&id=c4d14a87ac&e=632ced0f1f
1934:
Today, in an interview with the Jewish Telegraphic Agency Polish Foreign
Minister Colonel Josef Beck declared that “Poland has no intentions of
infringing on the Jewish rights” in Poland “and minority treaties have been
made an integral part of the Polish Constitution are inviolable…”
1934(7th
of Tishrei, 5695): Seventy-nine-year-old Rabbi Maurice Faber, the Hungarian
born son of “I. Faber and F. Bettes who
was the spiritual leader of Temple Beth-El in Tyler, TX and who was the father
of “two sons, Dr. Edwin Faber of Denver and Arthur Faber of Washington, D. C.,
and two daughters, Mrs. Philip Lipstate of Tyler and Mrs. Philip Friedlander of
Memphis, TN passed away today.
1935:
Rabbi Chaim Hirschensohn the Zionist
leader who worked to revive
spoken Hebrew and helped found the Safah Berurah ("Plain Language")
society in Jerusalem passed away.
1935(18th of Elul, 5695): Isaac Loeb Goldberg, “one
of the world’s foremost Jewish philanthropists and a founder of the modern
Zionist movement passed away today at the age of 75. A longtime resident of Tel Aviv, he was in
Zurich at the time of his death seeking medical treatment. A native of Szaki, Lithuania (which was part
of the Russian Empire), this son of poor merchants received “the usual Jewish
educational training” before becoming the representative of a pharmaceutical
company and finally a “contractor of medical goods for the Russian Army.” In 1861, Goldberg was a founder of Chovevie
Zion (Lovers of Zion), one of the forerunners of the modern Zionist
movement. In 1897 he was a delegate to
the First Zionist Congress. He was a
founder of the Jewish Colonial Trust and editor of Haolom, “the official organ
of Russian Zionism” which was published in Vilna, Lithuania. Following the failed
Revolution of 1905, Goldberg was imprisoned for remarks in the paper that were
critical of the government. After being
released, he served as President of the Russian Zionist organization from 1912
until 1914. Throughout this period and
during the World War, Goldberg was a generous, though often anonymous,
benefactor to the Zionist cause. In
1902, Goldberg donated “a large area of land on Mt. Scopus” to the Jewish
National Fund which was that agency’s first acquisitions of territory in Eretz
Israel. From 1903 until 1915, Goldberg served on the General Council of the
World Zionist Organization during which time he founded Achiasaf, one of the
great Jewish publishing houses.
Goldberg’s commitment to Hebrew language and culture was further
exemplified by his founding of Haaretz and generous contributions to the Hebrew
Institute for Culture and Language.
Goldberg made Aliyah in 1919. As
a resident of Tel Aviv he continued to serve as a director of the Jewish
Colonial Trust, the Anglo-Palestine Bank and the Palestine Land Development
Company. Tragedy struck in 1929 when Mr.
Goldberg’s son, Benjamin was killed during the Arab riots. In April of 1935, the grieving father donated
“28 dunams of thickly wooded land for a city park” to be built in Tel Aviv and
to be named in his son’s memory.
1935: The Seventh Nazi Party Rally came to an end at
Nuremberg.
1935: Birthdate of Brooklyn native Joseph Chaikin,
the Des Moines, Iowa, raised Drake University drop-out who went on to career in
acting and directing “experimental theatre.” (As reported by Ralph Blumenthal.
https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/24/nyregion/joseph-chaikin-67-actor-and-innovative-director.html
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jun/26/guardianobituaries1
https://www.library.kent.edu/special-collections-and-archives/joseph-chaikin-papers
https://data.desmoinesregister.com/famous-iowans/joseph-chaikin
1936(29th of Elul, 5696): Erev Rosh
Hashanah
1936: Tonight, at the Brooklyn Hebrew Home for the
Aged at Howard and Durmont, 108-year-old “‘Grandpa’ Abraham Ginsburg will make
his customary round to utter the New Year greeting – ‘Mayest thou be inscribed
in Happiness for the New Year’ – to the other 262 residence” with the only
difference being that this year he will be wheeled around in invalid’s chair”
instead of walking around.
1936: “At Temple Emanu-El, Dr. Samuel H. Goldenson
delivered a sermon on ‘When Is Worship Spiritual?’”
1936: At the Institutional Synagogue Annex on
Broadway Rabbi Herbert S. Goldstein spoke on “The New Year and Peace”
emphasizing “the need for a plebiscite before war is declared.”:
1936: At Central Synagogue in Manhattan, Rabbi Jonah
B. Wise “stressed in his sermon Israel’s loyalty to America” saying “Loyalty to
Judaism is loyalty to American ideals” and that “no happier union of loyalties
could be desired…”
1936: At the Free Synagogue at Carnegie Hall, “Dr.
Stephen S. Wise spoke on ‘As a Watch in the Night’” saying “In Nazi German the
world had beheld in these days at Nuremberg a veritable orgy of primitive and
bestial hatred the aim of which was to confound the Jews of the world with and
to make them seem responsible for communism.”
1936: At the Mount Neboh Temple, Rabbi A. L.
Feinberg delivered a sermon on “Fear – America’s Enemy.”
1936: “Rabbi Wendell A. Phillips conducted special
services at Rodeph Sholom.
1936: At the HIAS building, the home of the Hebrew
Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society of America, services were held for
unemployed and homeless” Jews.
1936: “The Jewish Theological Seminary of America
issued a message from its president, Dr. Cyrus Adler in which he stated that
‘the intensive pursuit of purely scientific knowledge by universities and
individual scholars is not making for eventual breakdown of all religious conviction
but is steadily leading toward wider acceptance of a belief in God and the
truths of religion.’”
1936: “The
Struemer, Julius Streicher’s anti-Semitic weekly announced that the Reich
Justice Minstry has instructed public prosecutors to demand more severe
punishment for Jewish ‘race defilers’ – Jews convicted of having had relations
with ‘German women.’”
1936: “The Committee for Special Jewish Interests
with headquarter” in Amsterdam “issued a protest signed by prominent Netherland
Jews against the speeches of German Ministers at the Nuremberg Nazi congress.”
1936: “Several organizations made public a message
addressed to the Jews of New York by Fiorello La Guardia in which he said: ‘As
Mayor of the City New York, and personally, it gives me pleasure to extend to
the citizens of the Jewish faith my sincerest greetings on the eve of the
observance of the coming holy days. It
is my fervent hope that the year 6579 of the Jewish calendar will bring with it
progress toward the rapid dissipation of existent prejudice and discrimination
of the world. The Jews of the world have
contributed more than their share to the civilization. Civilization will thwart the efforts of any
tyrant determined to destroy this great people.”
1936: In Kaunas, Lithuania, attorney Zvi Brick and
his wife Leah who was a teacher gave birth to Aharon Brick, the survivor of the
Kovno Ghetto who as Aharon Barack became President of the Supreme Court of
Israel in 1995.
1936: In “Jews Protest Nazi Talks” published today
the World Jewish Congress took issue with Hitler’s propaganda machine by
asserting that “it was not world Jewry but ‘German militarism which during the
World War facilitated the rise of Bolshevism to power.’”
1936: A public funeral will be held today in Detroit
for Ossip Gabrilowitsch at Orchestra Hall following which his body “will be
sent to Elmira, NY, to be buried in the Clemens family plot” near the body of
his father-in-law, Mark Twain.
1937: The NAACP, which had enjoyed the financial and
moral support of the Jewish community as could be seen by such board members as
Rabbi Stephen Wise, Jacob Billikopf and Jacob Schiff sent a telegram to
President Roosevelt asking that he work to remove Justice Hugo Black from the
Supreme Court. (This move would seem strange to those who came to see Black as
a leader of the Liberal Wing of the Court and one of the Justices who voted for
the Brown decision in 1954)
1938: During the ongoing outbreak of Arab terror and
violence the Rabbinate in Palestine “proclaimed today as a day of fasting for
throughout the world because of the situation in” Eretz Israel
1939: Salomon Gluck, a French doctor and future
leader in the Resistance, returned from London and enlisted in the French Army
today.
1939: U.S premiere of “Dust Be My Destiny” produced
by Hal Wallis, starring John Garfield with a script by Robert Rossen.
1940: Sam Rayburn becomes Speaker of the House of
Representative. A Democrat from rural
Texas, Rayburn defied convenient stereotyping.
Rayburn was an internationalist and a supporter of the New Deal. In 1941, isolationist forces attempted to end
the newly enacted peacetime draft that was enabling the U.S. military to build
its forces prior to Pearl Harbor.
Rayburn turned back the attempt.
If he had failed the Army would have been reduced to a comparative
handful of soldiers at the time of the Japanese attack and leaving American
truly vulnerable to defeat at the hands of the Axis. The consequences for Jews would have been
disastrous. In 1943, when a group of
Four Hundred Rabbis marched on Washington to demand American action to help the
Jews of Europe, Rayburn was one of the national leaders who publicly greeted
them. In 1948, unlike many Southerners,
Rayburn supported Israel’s friend, Harry Truman, in his bid for
re-election.
1940:
Slovakia enacted laws establishing authority for the Aryanization of the
country.
1941:
The 45th Infantry Division in which Raul Hilberg would serve with
during WW II was shifted from state control as it became part of the regular
U.S. Army.
1941(24th
of Elul, 5701): Jews from the town of Uman were brought to ditches at the
airfield upon the excuse of taking a town census. SS officers systematically
went down the line with pistols and shot each of the Jews - men, woman and
children alike. The death toll was an estimated 22,000.
1941:
Those in camps in Bessarabia. Including 118, 847 Jews from Bessarabia, Bukovina
and the Dorohoi district began to be deported to the region between the
Dniester and the Bug rivers called Transnistria, from which the Germans had
withdrawn, handing control over to the Romanians under the Tighina agreement.”
(Jewish Virtual Library)
1942:
Paramount Pictures released “The Major and the Minor” the first American movie
directed by Billy Wilder.
1942:
Sixty-nine-year-old Detroit born Simon Raymond Cohen, the HUC trained rabbi who
was the spiritual leader of Union Temple in Brooklyn passed away today.
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/09/17/85051746.html?pageNumber=25
1942(5th of Tishrei, 5703): Six thousand Jews
from Jedrzejów, Poland, are murdered at the Treblinka death camp.
1942(5th
of Tishrei, 5703): Forty-nine-year-old Mendel Dyner, a former resident of
Prague, was murdered today at Majdanek.
1943: More than 37,000 Italian Jews come under
German rule.
1943:
The 48th national convention of the Jewish War Veterans is scheduled
to open today at Kiamesha, NY which will coincide with a drive the group to
sell twelve million dollars “in third war loan bonds.”
1943:
"The first consignment of two dozen Jews was shipped from a town in
northern Italy to Auschwitz. Among them
was a six year old child who was gassed upon arrival."
1943:
The Nazis deported the first Italian Jews from the town of Merano With
Mussolini no longer running the Italian government; Germany had taken control
of 95% of Italy. With the Nazis in direct control of Italy, conditions worsened
for the Jews as can be seen from what would be the first of many deportations
to the death camps of Eastern Europe.
1944:
The Brazilian Expeditionary Force (BEF) were among the Allied Forces that took
Massaora, Italy. Among those serving
with the BEF was Lt. Col Waldemar Levy Cardoso who served as the commander of
an artillery battalion.
1945(9th
of Tishrei, 5706): Erev Yom Kippur
1945:
At the Free Synagogue in Carnegie Hall, Rabbi Stephen S. Wise preached a sermon
“Banished from the Brotherhood of Man.
1945:
At Congregation Rodeph Sholom, Rabbi Louis I. Newman preached a sermon on
“Repentance, Prayer and Charity.
1945:
“Rabbi Henry Raphael Gold, a physician who is a member of the staff of Bellevue
Hospital” delivered the sermon at Yeshiva College on Amsterdam Avenue.
1945:
At Temple B’nai Jeshurun, Rabbi Israel Goldstein preached a sermon “Spiritual
Reparation.”
1945:
At Temple Israel on West 91st Street, Rabbi William F. Rosenblum
preached a sermon on “The Majesty of Humility.”
1945:
At the West End Synagogue, Rabbi Bernard J. Bamberger preached a sermon on
“What It Means to be Religious.”
1945:
British Prime Minister Clement Attlee harshly rejected President Truman’s plea
that 100,000 Jewish displaced persons be admitted into Palestine immediately.
1946:
It was reported today that the Joint Distribution Committee has voted to spend
$9, 631,000 this month to meet the critical needs of the 1,400,000 Jewish
survivors living in Europe.”
1947(2nd
of Tishrei, 5708) Second Day of Rosh Hashanah
1947:
“John D.L. Hood, Australian member of the United Nations special committee of
inquiry on Palestine, refused to support either the majority or the minority
recommendation of the committee because he felt that the committee's report
should present both plans without recommending either.”
1947:
“Two important seizures of explosives from the Arabs were by the Palestine
Government today” including 28 land mines discovered “beneath the load of a
heavy truck… south of Gaza” and “thirty small cans of gunpowder found in a
vehicle traveling on the road from Gaza to Beersheba.”
1948:
George Hawkins and Frederick Sylvester, two British officials of the Jerusalem
Electric Corporation went on trial for second time. They were charged with acts
of espionage, including passing information to the Arabs
1948:
Count Folke Bernadotte the "U.N. mediator on Palestine" recommended
that the Israel Negev "should be defined as Arab territory" and made
part of Transjordan. He also supported
the unconditional or Arab refugees to the state of Israel. He had previously recommended that the port
of Haifa should be placed under international control and turning control over
Jewish immigration to the United Nations.
The following day Bernadotte was assassinated by members of a group
founded by Lehi also known as the Stern Gang.
Following the shooting, the government ordered the disbanding of the
Irgun and arrested 200 members of Lehi. This was not the first assassination by
members of Lehi. As can be seen by the
arrests, the tactics of the Stern Gang were rejected by the Yishuv (the Jewish
community).
1948:
In Paris, Île-de-France, France Donald Bloomingdale married Bethsabee de
Rothschild
1949:
“"I Can Dream, Can't I?", “a
popular song written by Sammy Fain with lyrics by Irving Kahal” “first reached
the Billboard charts’ today.
1949:
Birthdate of Motti Lerner, the native Zihron Ya’akov who gained fame as a
“playwright and screenwriter.”
1950(5th
of Tishrei, 5711): Parashat Vayeilech and Shabbat Shuvah
1951:
The Greater New York Committee for the Israel Bond Issue kicks off its fall
campaign at Straus Square on the Lower East Side. David Horowitz, director General of Finance
of the Israeli government is a featured speaker.
1951:
The 37th annual convention of Hadassah opens with 3,500 delegates in
attendance. Opening day speakers include
Senator Hubert Humphrey and Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett.
1951:
Despite the on-going food shortages, Israel’s economy showed growth and
vitality today “when Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion formally opened the new
plant of the General Tire and Rubber Company” located near Petah Tkiva. By the end of 1952 the plant is expected to
producing 2,500 tons of tires annually which will be sufficient to meet local
needs and leave extra product for export.
Ben-Gurion called on Israelis to show the same spirit in the developing
the Jewish state as had been demonstrated by the American pioneers. Ben Gurion
reiterated his dream of Israel becoming an industrial center capable of meeting
the needs of nations in the near, middle and Far East.
1953:
“The Robe” a “biblical blockbuster” directed by Henry Koster, with a screenplay
co-authored by Albert Maltz and Gina Kaus with music by Alfred Newman was
released today in the United States by 20th Century Fox.
1953:
“Madame De” a film version of the film directed by Max Ophuls who co-wrote the
script and music by Oscar Straus was released in France and Italy today.
1955(29th
of Elul, 5715): Erev Rosh Hashanah
1955(29th
of Elul, 5715: In Cleveland, OH, seventy-five-year-old “Louis Leventhal, the
founder of the Sunshine Broom and Brush Company” and father of six sons and one
daughter who was “the former president of the old Chebath Jerusalem Synagogue”
and an officer of Mizrachi, passed away today.
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/09/17/83373256.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=
1955
Attorney Arthur A. Klotz was sworn in today as “counsel of the State Liquor
Authority” today the Secretary of State of New York.
1956:
In Paris, Romanian-Jewish social psychologist Serge Moscovici and of the
Polish-Jewish psychoanalyst Marie Bromberg-Moscovici gave birth to French
political leader Pierre Moscovici
1956: Birthdate of magician David Copperfield.
1957:
The 5th Maacabiah Games continue for a second day in Tel Aviv.
1958(2nd
of Tishrei, 5719): Second Day of Rosh Hashanah
1958(2nd
of Tishrei, 5719): Ninety-two-year-old Leah G. Gans Seppacher, the Philadelphia
born daughter of Meyer and Bertha Cauffman Gans and the wife of Walter Meyer
Steppacher with whom she had three children – Walter, Lester and George –
passed away today after which she was buried at Mount Sinai Cemetery.
1959(13th
of Elul, 5719): Harpsichordist and composer Wanda Landowska, who was credited
with the 20th-century revival of harpsichord music, passed away.
1959:
Two days after he had passed away, funeral services are scheduled this
afternoon at Temple Emeth in Teaneck, NJ, for Rabbi Joshua Trachtenberg.
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/09/15/88821035.pdf
http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/13994.html
1960: Pitching in relief of starter Don Drysdale,
Larry Sherry gains his 14th victory (Sherry was Jewish; Drysdale was
not. According to an oft repeated
baseball tale, Drysdale, years later pitched in place of Sandy Koufax who had
taken off for Yom Kippur. Drysdale did
not have a good night and as he came off of the mound after an unsuccessful
inning he turned to manager Walt Alston and supposedly said, “I bet that
tonight you wish I was Jewish.”
1961(6th
of Tishrei, 5722): Shabbat Shuva observed for the first time during the
Presidency of JFK.
1963(27th
of Elul, 5723): Fifty-six-year-old Polish native and University of Michigan
graduate who served as director of the Federal Relief Administration in
Kentucky before become exuctive director of the Jewish Community Council of
Essex Country, NJ passed away today.
1963(27tj
pf Elul, 5723): Fifty-year-old Cleveland, OH native and Western Reserve
University alumnus Morris Abrams the president of Curtis Industries, “a founder
of Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Technion” and an advocate for a
strengthened United Nations passed away today.
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/09/17/89546923.pdf
1964(10th
of Tishrei, 5725): Yom Kippur observed for the first time during the Presidency
of LBJ.
1964:
“In Nottingham, England,[7] the son of Esther Aline (née Lowndes-Moir), a
renowned historian and expert in Celtic mythology and Victor de Waal, a
chaplain of the University of Nottingham who later became the Dean of
Canterbury Cathedral” gave birth to Edmund de Waal the author of “The Hare
with Amber Eyes: A Hidden Inheritance, a family memoir” which “tells the
story of his family, the Ephrussi, once a very wealthy European Jewish banking
dynasty, centered in Odessa, Vienna and Paris, and peers of the Rothschild
family.”
1965(19th
of Elul, 5725): Seventy-three-year-old Casper Platt, the Danville, Illinois,
native and WW I veteran who became a United States federal judge passed away
today.
http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=1894&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na
1965:
NBC broadcast the first episode of “The Dean Martin Show” written by
Canadian-Jewish writer Stan Daniels.
1966(2nd
day of Tishrei, 5727): Rosh Hashanah II
1966:
First baseman Mike Epstein made his major league with the Baltimore Orioles.
1968(23rd
of Elul, 5728): Seventy-three-year-old Henry Landers Bostick “(born Henry
Lipschitz)” who played one season for the Philadelphia Athletics of the
American League passed away today in Denver where he had gone to college at the
University of Denver.
1969:
Birthdate of Justine Frischmann, guitarist and daughter of a Holocaust
survivor.
1970:
A memorial is scheduled to be held today for Seventy-year-old Ukraine native
and Columbia trained educator Abraham D. Feingold , “a co-founder and co‐director of the Rugby
School, an institution for mentally retarded and handicapped children in
Brooklyn” and whose “name was thrust into the public spotlight in 1950, when,
with seven other public school teachers here, he was” unfairly “suspended
without pay for refusing to answer questions about his conduct and his loyalty,
including questions on alleged membership in the Communist party.”
1972(8th
of Tishrei, 5733): Shabbat Shuva
1972:
Following the Munich Massacre, Israel launched Operation Extended Turmoil 4
against bases in southern Lebanon, containing an estimated 600 guerrillas.
“Golani forces reached the Litani River in the east, while Paratroopers reached
Juwaya just south of the river. Most of the guerrilla forces did not engage the
Israelis and chose to retreat, although over 40 of them were killed.”
1972:
CBS broadcast the first episode of The Bob Newhart Show” co-starring Suzanne
Pleshette as the star’s wife.
1972:
The Three Dog Night’s recording of “Black and White” written by the Jewish and
African American team of David I. Arkin “pealed today at number one on the U.S.
pop chart…”
1973(19th
of Elul, 5733): Seventy-six-year-old Kiev native Albert “Al” Sherman, the
songwriter whose hits ironically included a song praising Charles Lindbergh and
who was the father songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman passed away today in
Los Angeles.
1973:
“A memorial service for Dr. Ernst Papenk…a professor of education psychology at
Queens College” is scheduled “to be held this afternoon.”
http://archives.nypl.org/mss/2333
1974(29th of
Elul, 5734): Erev Rosh Hashana
1977(4th
of Tishrei, 5738): Seventy-six-year-old General Frank L. Lazarus, the West
Point graduate and WW II veteran turned New York realtor and politician passed
away today.
1977: Moshe Dayan returned to Morocco where he met
with the Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister, Hassan Tuhami. Tuhami made it clear that Sadat was prepared
to negotiate directly with Israel, that he did not insist on a conference with
other Arab States and that he would accept an Israeli withdrawal from Sinai in
return for a peace treaty. Sadat would
not require settlement of any other issues as condition to signing the peace
treaty. This meeting set the stage for
the Camp David negotiations that would take place in the following year.
1980:
In Baltimore, MD, “Rodger Kamenetz, author of The Jew in the Lotus and
other books on spirituality, and Moira Crone, fiction writer and author of Dream
State and A Period of Confinement” gave birth to birth to columnist Anya
Kamenetz author of The Test: Why Our Schools are Obsessed with Standardized Testing–But
You Don’t Have to Be
1982:
A meeting between U.S. diplomats and Israeli officials was held at the Ministry
of Defense concerning the entry of Phalangists into the Shatila Refugee camp.
1983(9th
of Tishrei, 5744): Erev Yom Kippur and Erev Shabbat
1984:
U.S. Premiere of “Amadeus” the screen adaptation of Peter Shaffer’s play
produced by Saul Zaentz.
1985(1st
of Tishrei, 5746): Rosh Hashanah
http://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/16/nyregion/after-much-preparation-jews-usher-in-new-year.html
1988:
Joan Micklin Silver's "Crossing Delancey," the story of love between
a professional Upper East Side woman and a pickle seller from the Lower East
Side, was released in theaters.
http://jwa.org/thisweek/sep/16/1988/joan-micklin-silver
1990:
The New York Times reported that Brandeis University,
which has a large Jewish enrollment, and the College of the Holy Cross, a Roman
Catholic institution in Worcester, are teaming up in a comparative-religion
study program that officials hope will promote understanding between students
of the two faiths.
1990(26th
of Elul, 5750): Seventy-three-year old world renowned clarinetist Leon
Russianoff, the Brooklyn born son Sarah Ellman Russianoff and Isadore
Russianoff who had left Russia to escape the prevailing anti-Semitism, and the
husband of Penelope Russianoff with whom he had two children – Charles and
Sylvia and who “had taught at Teachers College, Brooklyn College, Queens
College, the State University College at Purchase, Catholic University and the
92d Street Y's music school and whose students included Stanley Drucker, the
first clarinetist of the New York Philharmonic” passed away today.
https://shareok.org/bitstream/handle/11244/5147/8324875.PDF?sequence=1
1991(8th
of Tishrei, 5752): Eighty-year-old Viennese born America pianist Robert
Goldsand pass away today.
http://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/17/obituaries/robert-goldsand-80-pianist-and-teacher.html?mcubz=1
https://www.lib.umd.edu/ipam/collections/robert-goldsand
1991:
A memorandum of this date provides proof that the “KGB intervened… to stop an
investigation into” the fate of Raoul Wallenberg. “The memorandum from the
Swedish Embassy in Moscow cites the former head of the Soviet "Special
Archive," Anatoly Prokopenko, as telling Swedish diplomats that the KGB
instructed him to stop a search for documents by researchers working for the
first International Wallenberg Commission.”
1992:
On Black Wednesday George Soros became immediately famous when he sold short
more than $10 billion worth of pounds, profiting from the Bank of England’s
reluctance to either raise its interest rates to levels comparable to those of
other European Exchanges.
1992:
“The Frontier” a Chilean film with a script by Jorge Goldenberg was released
today in Canada.
1993(1st
of Tishrei, 5754): The first observance of Rosh Hashanah after the signing of
the Oslo Accords on September 13; an event that has cause many rabbis to change
their high holiday sermons.
1993:
As a result of the signing of the Oslo Accords on September 13 Rabbi Shelton
Donnell of Temple Beth Sholom in Santa Ana, was scheduled to switch his Rosh
Hashanah sermon from one discussing the use of time to a talk on the new
prospects for peace.
1993:
At the Conservative Congregation Eilat in Mission Viejo, Rabbi Bradley Shavit
Artson is scheduled tell prayer-goers that if the Israelis and Palestinians can
make peace, Americans can also overcome seemingly insurmountable problems of
racism, homophobia and poverty.
1993:
At Irvine's Orthodox synagogue, Beth Jacob, Rabbi Joel Landau is scheduled to
speak about sacrifice, offering the peace accord as an example of "people
sometimes making tough decisions in order to do what's right."
1993:
NBC broadcast the first episode of season five of “Seinfeld.”
1996(3rd
of Tishrei, 5757): Tzom Gedaliah
1996:
Judith “Sheindlin’s ongoing syndicated court show, ‘Judge Judy,’ debuted”
today.
https://jwa.org/thisweek/sep/16/1996/judge-judy-airs
1997:
Samuel “Sheinbein and Aaron Benjamin Needle, a former classmate at the Charles
E. Smith Jewish Day School in Aspen Hill, Maryland, killed Alfredo Enrique
Tello, Jr. after which they dismembered and burned his body.
1998: “Judas Kiss” featuring Joey Slotnick as
“Walters” was released today in the United States.
1998:
“Permanent Midnight” the film version of Jerry Stahl’s autobiographical novel
in which the author makes a cameo appearance was released in the United States
today.
2000(16th
of Elul, 5760): Parashat Ki Tavo
2000(16th
of Elul, 5760): Fifty-three-year-old Manhattan born actress Dori Brenner and
sister of author Ellen Levine passed away today.
https://variety.com/2000/scene/people-news/dori-brenner-1117796509/
2001
(28th of Elul, 5761): Eighty-three-year-old Samuel Z. Arkoff, a native of Fort
Dodge, Iowa and an American lawyer turned
film producer, passed away.
2002(10th
of Tishrei, 5763): Jews observe Yom Kippur for the first time in the Post 9/11
era
2002:
In Glasgow services were held for the last time at the Queen Park Synagogue
which had been known as “The Tin Shul._
2002:
Premiere of “Obsessed” co-starring Lisa Edelstein.
2003:
“The Boys from Oz” an Australian musical that Martin Sherman Americanized began
its pre-Broadway run at the Imperial Theatre.
2004(1st
of Tishrei, 5765): As John Kerry battles President Bush for the White House,
Jews celebrate Rosh Hashanah
2004:
A self-appointed “ethics watchdog” “filed a complaint with the Nevada Commission
on Ethics, this time asking the commission to clarify Las Vegas Mayor Oscar
Goodman's affiliation with his son Ross's law firm.”
2005(12th
of Elul, 5765): Eighty-five-year-old physicist Gordon Gould, the inventor of
the laser passed away today.
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/20/science/gordon-gould-85-figure-in-invention-of-the-laser-dies.html
2005:
The Jerusalem Post and Haaretz reported on the Ariel Sharon’s
speech to the United Nations. Sharon
took the same take as two other soldiers turned Prime Minister, in proclaiming
himself as a champion of peace in the Middle Easter, recognizing the right of
the Palestinians to a state of their own.
2006:
In the evening, Selichot Services, as Jews prepare for the High Holidays.
2006
(23rd of Elul, 5766): Helen Deschmaps Adams, member of the French Resistance
during World War II passed away at the age of 85 at her home in Manhattan. As Helen Deschmaps (Adams was the name of her
American husband) “she saved American parachutists from capture…and helped
Jewish families escape to Spain…She…posed as a secretary at the headquarters of
the Milice…the force known as the French Gestapo. She stole the records of
people marked for execution including Jews and resistance fighters…" In one of her memoirs entitled Spyglass,
this righteous person asks the question “If you had to renounce family,
friends, and any kind of normal lifestyle to fight a fierce enemy, would you?”
2006:
Jack Kirby was among the artists honored in the exhibition "Masters of
American Comics" at the Jewish Museum in New York City. The Jack Kirby
Awards and Jack Kirby Hall of Fame were named in his honor.
2006:
In article entitled Faith changes in Banglatown, but our social enrichment
stays the same” published today Rabbi Jonathan Sacks traces the recent history
of the Jews of London.
http://oldweb.chiefrabbi.org/ReadArtical.aspx?id=1108
2007((4
Tishrei, 5768): Fast of Gedaliah observed. Normally the Fast of Gedaliah is
observed on the third of Tishrei
2007:
The Sunday Washington Post book
section featured reviews of The
Transformation of Business, Democracy, and Everyday Life by Robert
B. Reich, the Jewish economist who served as Clinton’s Secretary of Labor and The
Zookeeper’s Wife, a story about saving Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto from the
Final Solution, by Diane Ackerman.
2007:
The Sunday New York Times book
section featured reviews of The Indian Clerk by David Leavitt and James
L. Kugel’s How To Read The Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now which the author says “is intended as a guide to, and a tour through, the
Hebrew Bible. In it, he has tried to write down most of what he knows about the
Bible, its past as well as its present. That makes it a little different from
other books on the subject.”
2007: “Camille Pissarro: Impressions of City and
Country” opens at the Jewish Museum of New York.
2007: At the Jewish Museum in New York an exhibition
entitled,
“The Sculpture of Louise Nevelson:
Constructing a Legend” comes to a close.
2008: Release of Indignation,
Philip Roth's twenty-ninth book, a story of inexperience, foolishness, intellectual
resistance, sexual discovery, courage, and error set in the early days of the
Korea War.
2008: In Washington,
D.C., Richard Michelson discusses his latest work, A
Is for Abraham: A Jewish Family Alphabet (encompassing a history of Jewish
customs).
2008: The YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
presents a lecture by Joshua Rubenstein is the Northeast Regional Director of
Amnesty International USA and an Associate of the Davis Center for Russian and
Eurasian Studies at Harvard University entitled “The Neglected Massacres: The
Holocaust in the German-Occupied Soviet Territories. Rubenstein will speak
about his newest book, The Unknown Black Book, which recounts the
testimonies by survivors of the German massacres that took place in Ukraine,
Belarus, Russia and the Baltic Region.
2008(16th of Elul, 5768): Ninety-eight-year-old Avraham Biran, an
archaeologist of biblical sites who excavated Tel Dan, an ancient city along
Israel’s northern border, and uncovered an unexpected stone fragment bearing
what might be the earliest reference to the House of David, died today in Jerusalem.(As reported by Jeremy Pearce)
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/06/world/middleeast/06biran.html
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/nov/25/archaeology-avraham-biran-israel-obituary
2009: Bagels &
Barbeque: The Jewish Experience in Tennessee a joint project of the Tennessee
State Museum in collaboration with the Jewish Federation of Nashville and
Middle Tennessee, Jewish Community Federation of Greater Chattanooga, Knoxville
Jewish Alliance, and Memphis Jewish Federation, with the participation of other
Jewish communities around the state is scheduled to come to an end today. As
can be seen from the following description, the exhibit provides living proof
of the vitality of the Jewish community outside of the major urban areas of the
United States.
2009: There
are now 7,465,000 people living in Israel, the central bureau of statistics
reported today. The figure represents a
rise of 1.8 percent over last year. The
study, released ahead of the Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah, find that 75.4
percent of the population is Jewish, 20.6 percent are Arab, and the rest are
identified as others. The study also found that thousands of people left Tel
Aviv and Jerusalem over the last year, in order to seek cheaper housing outside
of Israel's two largest cities. According to the study, the Israeli populace is
relatively young compared to that of other countries, with 28.4 percent of the
population under the age of 14, in contrast to the average of 17 percent among
Western countries. The percentage of Israelis over the age of 65 stands at
9.7%, as opposed to the average in the Western world, which stands at 15%.
2009: “The Other Woman,” a film version Love and Other
Impossible Pursuits by Ayelete Waldman, co-staring Natalie Portman, Lisa
Kudrow and Scott Cohen premiered at the Toronto Film Festival today.
2009: The 92nd
St Y presents “This American Life: Behind the Scenes with Ira Glass and
Others.”
2009: At Jerusalem’s
Khan Theater the second and final performance of "La grande magica"
(Grand Magic) a play written by de Fillippo in 1949 which is enjoying its first
Israeli staging.
2009: The Jewish Studies
Program at Tulane University, under the direction of Brian Horowitz, presents a
screening of “Waltz With Bashir” as part of the Colloquium and Film Series that
is devoted to the subject of “Cultural Judaism” Experience, Concepts and Rival
Perspectives.”
2009(27th of
Elul 5769): Eighty-two-year-old shopping mall mogul and professional basketball
aficionado Melvin Simon, passed away today. (As reported by Douglas Martin)
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/18/business/18simon.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0
2010: A screening of
“Anita” is scheduled to take place at the 14th Annual Jewish Film
Festival of Dallas. The film tells the story of Anita Feldman, a young woman
with Down syndrome living in Buenos Aires, working in shop, whose live is torn
apart by the terrorist bombing of the nearby Argentine Israelite Mutual
Association.
2010: "Black Tide,”
Dana Melamed's 3rd solo show at Priska Juschka Fine Art is scheduled to open in
Chelsea, NYC.
2010: Wall painting of
Tyche, Greek goddess of fortune, was exposed during 11th season of excavation
carried out by University of Haifa. A
wall painting (fresco) of Tyche, the Greek goddess of fortune, was exposed
during the 11th season of excavation at the Sussita site, on the east shore of
the Sea of Galilee, according to a University of Haifa statement released
today.
2010: US Secretary of
State Hillary Clinton said today she is convinced that Prime Minister Binyamin
Netanyahu and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas are trying to seek
common ground in peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians.
2010: The upright piano used by Irving Berlin when he composed such hits as
“I Love a Piano” in 1915 was removed from the Ascap’s headquarters today (As reported by James
Barron)
2011: The 14th
Jerusalem International Chamber Music Festival is scheduled to come to a close.
2011: Following traditional Friday night services at the 6th
& I Historic Synagogue, Mort Fertal is scheduled to deliver an after-dinner
lecture entitled “Dating Smart” followed by questions from the audience.
2011: Palestinian
Authority President Mahmoud Abbas said today that the Palestinians plan to
approach the United Nations Security Council for full recognition, clarifying
that they are seeking to delegitimize the occupation, not Israel, by taking the
UN route for Palestinian statehood.
2011: - New Zealand
Foreign Affairs Minister Murray McCully announced today that New Zealand will
boycott the Durban III conference on September 22 because the anti-racism event
is plagued by anti-Semitism.
2012: The Alexandria
Kleztet is scheduled to perform at the Collington Retirement Community in
Mitchellville, Maryland.
2012: The New York Times features reviews of
books by Jewish authors and/or of special interest to Jewish readers including Vagina:
A New Biography by Naomi Wolf, The End of Men: And the Rise of Women by
Hanna Rosin and The Fish That Ate the Whale, Rich Cohen’s biography of
Samuel Zemurray.
2012: In the evening,
Erev of Rosh Hashanah, 5773
2012: Ryan Braun hit
his 200th career home run today followed by another homer which was
his 40th of the year. (At the
time, nobody knew that he was doing this with the assistance of banned
substances)
2012: Showtime
broadcast the final episode of “Weeds” a “dark comedy drama created by Jenji
Kohan” co-starring Alexander Gould.
2012: Prime Minister
Binyamin Netanyahu warned today that Iran was just six to seven months away
from being able to build a nuclear bomb
2013: The Lawrence
Family Jewish Community Center is scheduled to co-sponsor “Introduction to
Jewish Texts: A Melton Sampler.”
2013: The Center for
Jewish History is scheduled to sponsor a lecture entitled “Making History: The
Proliferation and Impact of Modern Jewish Archives.”
2013(12th of
Tishrei, 5774): Eighty-six-year-old Rabbi Philip Berg, the head of Kabbalah
Center International, passed away today. (As reported by Margalit Fox)
2013: “The Croatian
version, of Israeli drama “BeTipul” titled Na terapiji, premiered today
Croatian Radiotelevision
2013: “The growth rate
of the settler population in 2012 was five percent, which means that the number
of Israelis in the West Bank increased at a pace almost three times as fast the
nation’s 1.9% growth rate last year, according to numbers released today by the
Central Bureau of Statistics” (As reported by Tovah Lazaroff)
2013: “Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu told US Secretary of State John Kerry last week that he
should try to reach a deal with Russia to confiscate Syria’s chemical weapons
arsenal as an alternative to a threatened US strike on the Assad regime, the Wall
Street Journal reported today.”
2014: “Inside the Mind
of a Nazi Perpetrator: The Search for the Rosenberg Diary” is scheduled to open
in Philadelphia, PA this evening.
2014: TCM is scheduled
to present the third in the series – The Jewish Experience on Film – featuring
“Hill 24 Doesn’t Answer,” “Sallah,” “A Sword in the Desert” and “Exodus”
http://www.tcm.com/projectedimage/schedule.html
2014: The Skirball
Center is scheduled to host a discussion with Rabbi David Wolpe the author of David:
The Man Behind the Myth
2014: Fearing
disapproval by the Russians “a Foreign MInstry special panel” vetoed “a defense
Minstry-approved deal to sell drones to the Ukraine.(Times of Israel)
2014: The IDF confirmed
that a mortar shell was fired from the Gaza strip this evening, “the first
since a ceasefire agreement between Israel and Hamas went into effect” in
August. (As reported by Stuart Winer)
2014: A fire that broke
out today on de la Cinque Street in Anderlecht near Brussels was caused by
arson.
2014: The Julliard
School in New York “disclosed” the death of American actor Darrell Zwerling who
had died in April at the age of 85.
2014: All UN
peacekeepers withdrew from their posts on the Syrian side of the Golan Heights
and moved into Israel because the Syrian fighters were seen as “a direct threat
to their safety and security.” (As reported by Adiv Sterman)
2015(3rd
of Tishrei, 5776): Fast of Gedaliah
2015: Behind-the-scenes
tensions at Carnegie Hall erupted into public view today after Ronald O.
Perelman, the billionaire businessman who became chairman of the Carnegie board
this year, sent an email to his fellow trustees accusing the organization’s executive
and artistic director of a “troubling lack of transparency” and criticizing the
board for failing to provide “appropriate oversight.” (As reported by Michael
Cooper)
2015:
Jewish Museum London’s third crowd-sourced exhibition which will explore the
theme of Sacrifice through personal mementoes, historic artefacts and fine art
is scheduled to open today.
2015:
The rains that brought an end to “the dark and yellowish week that shrouded
Israel” is forecasted to continue into this evening.
2016:
“A small city in northeast Portugal,” Covilha “unveiled for the first time”
today “a 400-year-old Torah scroll that a local contractor had found 10 years
ago at a demolition site and kept wrapped up in linen.”
2016:
Today, “the State Department branded” Fathi Hammad, “the senior Hamas leader a
specially designated global terrorist.”
2016:
Columbia Law School, the Center for Israeli Legal Studies and Zvi Meitar
Institute for Legal Implications of Emerging Technologies at IDC Herzilya are
scheduled to host a daylong conference “Innovations in Fintech” Considerations
for Emerging Israeli and American Fintech.”
2016:
“US filmmaker and actor Rob Reiner” said today “those who support Donald Trump
for president are aiding and abetting racism.”
2016:
Shai Secunda, the Jacob Neusner Professor in the History and Theology of
Judaism at Barb College is scheduled to deliver a lecture on “You May Not
Communicate Oral Matters in Writing” Writing and its Absence in the
Transmission of Rabbinic and Zoroastrian Texts” at the University of Iowa Main
Library.
2016:
A Democratic Party campaign ad featuring Joel Sollender, a WW II POW who was
offended by President Trump saying that John McCain was not a war hero because
he had been a POW, aired today on National Prisoners of War Remembrance Day>
2016:
The Jewish National Fund Conference is scheduled to open with Friday Night
Shabbat Dinner with Alan Dershowitz.
2016:
The New York Times announced today “that it was reviving the title of managing
editor and naming” 52 year old Pulitzer prize winner Joseph Kahn, the son of
Staples found Leo Kahn, to fill the position.
2017:
QB Josh Rosen is scheduled to lead undefeated UCLA against Memphis State
University.
2017:
Tony Levine, the special team’s coordinator is scheduled to take the field as
Purdue plays Missouri.
2017: “Legendary British singer Robbie Williams” is
scheduled to perform tonight at Park Hayarkon in Tel Aviv.
2017:
“Oktoberfest” which “was invented by Jews” began today in Germany.
https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/244365/oktoberfest-was-invented-by-jews
2017(25th
of Elul, 5777): Nitavim and Vayelilech; in the evening Selichot;
2017: In Memphis, Temple
Israel is scheduled to host Havdalah followed by Selichot
2018: The Illinois
Holocaust Museum and Education Center is scheduled to host “the Midwest
Premiere of ‘Who Will Write Our History’,” Robert Gorssman’s documentary about
the creation of Emanuel Ringelblum’s Oyneg Shabes Archive.
2018: “Esther Crain,
writer of the award-winning ‘Ephemeral New York’ blog and author of The Gilded
Age in New York” is scheduled to lead ‘Exploring Ladies Mile,’ a walking tour
presented by the Center for Jewish History, the American Jewish Historical Society
and Leo Baeck Institute that provides ‘a look at the merchants who built New
York’s grand emporiums and the fashionable women who shopped there.’”
2018: In response to the
devastation of Hurricane Florence, in Chapel Hill, NC, Kehillah Synagogue
canceled today’s scheduled Talmud Class.
2018: The Toronto Film
Festival, which featured a screening of “Vox Lux” starring Natalie Portman is
scheduled to come to close today.
2018: “ A Simple Favor”
with a screenplay by Iowa City native Jessica Sharzer was released today in the
United States.
2018: The New York Times
features reviews of books by Jewish authors and/or of special interest to
Jewish readers including How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them by
Jason Stanley who “was almost always the only Jewish person in” his “classes
growing up” including his “highs schools in tenth and eleventh grade” where he
“was the first Jewish person to attend.”
2019: The YIVO Institute
for Jewish Research is scheduled to host “Bundism’s Influence Today” in which a
panel will discuss the re-incarnation of the spirit of the Jewish labor
organization.
2019: The JCC of
Northern Virginia is scheduled to host USA Today reporter Richard Wolf as he
speaks on “Is Roe vs. Wade in Jeopardy?”
2019: In Baltimore, the
Sisterhood of Chizuk Amuno is scheduled to host it opening event, “An Evening
of Inner and Outer Beauty.”
2019: This evening,
volunteers working under the direction of Jewish and Family Children’s Services
of San Francisco are scheduled to “help assemble bags of food and goodies for
seniors.”
2019: In Des Moines, the
Iowa Jewish Historical Society is scheduled to host a presentation by Michael
Bornsteinm, one of the youngest survivors of Auschwitz and his daughter Debbie
Bornstein Holinstat with whom he wrote Survivors Club: The True Story of a Very
Young Prisoner of Auschwitz.
2020: Suzanne Dellal Centre's annual summer
festival featuring nine works by Israeli choreographers, eight of which are
world premieres is scheduled to come to an end.
2020:
The Combined Jewish Philanthropies are scheduled to present online, “The
Communal Kvell, hosted by the Jewish Federations of North America.”
2020:
“Haifa U. professor Ehud Eiran is scheduled to join UC Berkeley’s Ron Hassner
in a discussion about Israel’s new alliance with China and what it means for
geopolitics
2020:
ZIVUG is schedule to present online a “Pre-Rosh Hashanah Couples Renewal
Gathering.”
2020:
The UK Jewish Film and the Jewish Music Institute are scheduled to a
documentary film of the Jaqueline Du Pré and the Elgar Cello Concerto,
ifollowed by an exclusive conversation with leading Jewish cellists Natalie
Clein and Raphael Wallfisch.
2020:
In New Orleans, the Anti-Defamation League is scheduled to hold its board
meeting at the Uptown JCC.
2020: Today Israelis and supporters of Israel may
be contemplating the events of the last twenty-four hours that included the
simultaneous signing of “historic treaties with UAE and Bahrain” and
Palestinian rocket attacks on Ashdod and Ashkelon and the appearance of Prime
Minister Netanyahu without a mask at an event where social distancing was not
observed on the eve of the enforcement of a new, stringent lockdown in Israel.
2021:
ENGAJ is scheduled to host an “outdoor festive meal to break the Yom Kippur
fast” at the Oshman Family JCC in Palo Alto, CA.
2021:
Rabbi Katy Allen, education director Stephanie Kennedy and teacher Lizzy Cantor
are schuelded to Ma’yan Tikvah’s Yom Kippur services which “are unique because
they are primarily outdoors with opportunities for walks and worship services,
2021(10th
of Tishrei, 5782): Yom Kippur
2022(20th of
Elul, 5782): Yahrzeit of Dr. Jacob Levin, of blessed memory,
beloved husband of Betty, loving father of Michael (Gigi Cohen) Levin, Stephen
(Dian Garton) Levin, Sharon (Philip) Wein and Lawrence (Sandra Morrison) Levin
and proud Zaide to a whole tribe of grandchildren. To his brother
Joe, he was the incomparable “Yaenkel” and to me his was my wonderful Uncle
Jack – living proof that good guys finish first.
2022: In New York, the Film Forum is scheduled to host a
screening of “Four Winters,” which tells the story of the more than 25,000 Jews
who fought back against the Nazis and their collaborators “within the forests
of World War II Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.”
2022: The Museum of Jewish Heritage is scheduled to host an exclusive
Member Preview of “Survivors: Faces of Life After the Holocaust,” a powerful
photography exhibition showcasing 75 large-scale portraits of Holocaust
survivors taken by famed photographer Martin Schoeller.
2022: Ishmael Reed, the 2022 Anisfield-Wolf Book Award Lifetime
Achievement winner, is scheduled to speak from 11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. today at
The City Club of Cleveland at 850 Euclid Ave. in Cleveland.
2022: The New England Region of BBYO is scheduled to kickoff the first
weekend of local chapter programs all over Eastern Massachusetts and Rhode
Island!
2023(1st of Tishrei, 5784): In calendar quirk, Rosh
Hashanah coincides with Shabbat.
2023: In San Francisco, JCCSF and Reboot are scheduled to “lead a
modern take on the Rosh Hashanah ritual of tashlich” where you “cast off your
bad vuggum (karma) from 5783 by tossing bird seed into the ocean.”
2023: In Cedar Rapids, congregants of Temple Judah are scheduled
to gather “at the Trail Head of the Sac and Fox Trail” for Tashlich.
2023: Because of the uptick in COVID-19 cases congregations are
taking extra precautions as can be seen at “Congregation Beth Sholom, a
Conservative synagogue in Teaneck, New Jersey, and Congregation Beit Tikvah, a
Reconstructionist synagogue in Baltimore, which are providing mask-only
sections for congregants” and “IKAR, Los Angeles’
progressive nondenominational congregation, which will be conducting services
both inside and outside this year as well, weather permitting.” (As reported by
Jacob Gurvis)
2024: Joel Haber is scheduled to deliver a
lecture on “More than Apples and Honey: Rosh Hashana Foods and their Many
Meanings” hosted by Temple Judea in Palm Beach Gardens, FL.
2024: In Newton, MA, the JCC of Greater Boston
is scheduled to present “Building the World Through Acts of Love: Preparing for
the Jewish New Year.”
2024: JWI's Life$avings: Financial Empowerment
for Survivors of Abuse facilitator training is scheduled to begin today.
2024: The Jewish Federation of Des Moines is
scheduled to host a delegation of academics from Western Galilee College in
Akko, Israel at the South Ballroom of Iowa State University’s Memorial Union in
Ames, IA
2024: At The Streicker Center Alice Hoffman is
scheduled to discuss her book When We Flew Away: A Novel of Anne Frank
Before the Diary with award-winning journalist and author Sandee Brawarsky
2024:
As September 16th begins in Israel, an unprecedented wave of anti-Semitism that
has included Hamas supporters calling for Zionist passengers on a New York
subway to raise their hands, sweeps the United States and the Hamas held
hostages begin day 346 in captivity.
(Editor’s note: this situation is too fluid for this blog to cover so we
are just providing a snapshot as of the posting at midnight Israeli time)
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